DeepMind’s AI Agents Take a Swing at 1024-bit RSA: What the Two Papers Actually Show
On 5–6 November 2026 Google DeepMind released two working papers, written with cryptographers Nadia Heninger and Emmanuel Thomé, on weaknesses in legacy 1024-bit RSA. Two cooperating AI agents re-ran a known 1024-bit signature-forgery computation in 391 CPU core-years instead of 1,380, in 3.2 days; a second agent pair proved a “fan factory” that would cut the cost of factoring each additional 1024-bit key to about 1/58 of a normal factorization. The widely quoted “1,600×” figure is an asymptotic estimate, not a measurement, and 2048-bit RSA is not affected.
